@Article{CarneiroFiNeSaSaBo:2021:NoBoLa,
               author = "Carneiro, Rayonil Gomes and Fisch, Gilberto and Neves, Theomar and 
                         Santos, Rosa and Santos, Carlos and Borges, Camilla",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade de Taubat{\'e} (UNITAU)} and {Universidade Federal 
                         do Oeste do Par{\'a} (UFOPA)} and {Universidade do Estado do 
                         Amazonas (UEA)} and {Universidade Federal de Camina Grande (UFCG)} 
                         and {Universidade Federal de Camina Grande (UFCG)}",
                title = "Nocturnal boundary layer erosion analysis in the amazon using 
                         large-eddy simulation during goamazon project 2014/5",
              journal = "Atmosphere",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "12",
               number = "2",
                pages = "e240",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "planetary boundary layer, kinematic heat flux, PALM model.",
             abstract = "This study investigated the erosion of the nocturnal boundary 
                         layer (NBL) over the central Amazon using a high-resolution model 
                         of large-eddy simulation (LES) named PArallel Les Model (PALM) and 
                         observational data from Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) project 
                         2014/5. This data set was collected during four intense 
                         observation periods (IOPs) in the dry and rainy seasons in the 
                         years 2014 (considered a typical year) and 2015, during which an 
                         El Niņo-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event predominated and 
                         provoked an intense dry season. The outputs from the PALM 
                         simulations represented reasonably well the NBL erosion, and the 
                         results showed that it has different characteristics between the 
                         seasons. During the rainy season, the IOPs exhibited slow surface 
                         heating and less intense convection, which resulted in a longer 
                         erosion period, typically about 3 h after sunrise (that occurs at 
                         06:00 local time). In contrast, dry IOPs showed more intensive 
                         surface warming with stronger convection, resulting in faster NBL 
                         erosion, about 2 h after sunrise. A conceptual model was derived 
                         to investigate the complete erosion during sunrise hours when 
                         there is a very shallow mixed layer formed close to the surface 
                         and a stable layer above. The kinematic heat flux for heating this 
                         layer during the erosion period showed that for the rainy season, 
                         the energy emitted from the surface and the entrainment was not 
                         enough to fully heat the NBL layer and erode it. Approximately 30% 
                         of additional energy was used in the system, which could come from 
                         the release of energy from biomass. The dry period of 2014 showed 
                         stronger heating, but it was also not enough, requiring 
                         approximately 6% of additional energy. However, for the 2015 dry 
                         period, which was under the influence of the ENSO event, it was 
                         shown that the released surface fluxes were sufficient to fully 
                         heat the layer. The erosion time of the NBL probably influenced 
                         the development of the convective boundary layer (CBL), wherein 
                         greater vertical development was observed in the dry season IOPs 
                         (~1500 m), while the rainy season IOPs had a shallower layer 
                         (~1200 m).",
                  doi = "10.3390/atmos12020240",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020240",
                 issn = "2073-4433",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "atmosphere-12-00240-v2.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "09 maio 2024"
}